Encyclopedia of the Great Plains

SWINE

Great Plains states account for approximately 16 percent of U.S. swine production, with Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Kansas in the top ten producing states. Nebraska leads other Plains states, but Oklahoma has seen the fastest increase in production in recent years. In Canada, the Prairie Provinces contribute almost 40 percent to national swine production.

Massive restructuring and technological changes are taking place in the swine industry in both countries. Production has moved indoors to large confinement units with improved management, breeding, and nutrition practices that have allowed more e.cient production. This restructuring has resulted in much larger hog operations but on fewer farms in the Great Plains.

In the United States, there has been a tremendous increase in corporate hog farms, or private farms raising hogs on contract for swine companies. These changes have been particularly marked in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. In Oklahoma, swine companies own approximately 90 percent of the hog population. By contrast, in Nebraska most of the swine production is still dominated by individual farmers, though this is now changing.

Traditionally, hog production on the Plains was based in diversified family farms, which often used home-raised grain, primarily corn or sorghum grain, for feed. These operations were usually "farrow-to-finish." The sows were bred and farrowed and the pigs fed to market weight, currently 240 to 280 pounds. Today many of the new swine facilities have three sites. At one site, sows, usually 600 or more, are bred and farrowed. The pigs are weaned at two to three weeks of age and moved to another site called a nursery, where they live in environmentally controlled housing and are fed specially prepared starter diets until they are nine to ten weeks of age and weigh approximately 50 pounds. The third site consists of buildings where the pigs are fed out to market weight. The three-site production facilities break up the disease cycle and allow more specialized management and more efficient use of labor.

The future of the swine industry looks promising in the Great Plains, but it will continue to consolidate on fewer farms with more intensive management systems. Corporate or contract hog production will probably increase, although the largest independent hog operations will still be able to compete. Future expansion will be slowed down or prevented in some areas by opposition from localities and environmental groups. Stricter local and federal environmental regulations are also being implemented.

William G. Luce Oklahoma State University

Canadian Pork Council. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, 1997.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Hog and Pig Report. Washington DC, 1997.